Ketimpangan Pendapatan di Demak dan Sekitarnya:  Peran Pendidikan dan Kesehatan

Paramitha Hanifia

Authors

Paramitha Hanifia BPS Kabupaten Demak

Keywords:

ketimpangan pendapatan, indeks pendidikan, indeks kesehatan

Abstract

Ketimpangan pendapatan di Demak dan sekitarnya (tujuh kabupaten/kota di Jawa Tengah) tetap menjadi tantangan pembangunan regional. Penelitian ini menguji pengaruh indeks pendidikan dan kesehatan terhadap posisi kelompok 40 persen terbawah relatif terhadap 20 persen teratas, dengan pengangguran sebagai variabel kontrol. Menggunakan data panel sekunder BPS tahun 2010 sampai 2024 (N = 7, T = 15), estimasi dilakukan dengan model panel dinamis Fixed Effects Instrumental Variable (FE-IV) Anderson-Hsiao; arah temuan diperiksa ulang melalui uji robustness antar estimator. Hasil utama menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan indeks pendidikan berkorelasi signifikan dengan pelebaran jurang pangsa pengeluaran kelompok bawah, arah yang konsisten pada seluruh estimator dan selaras dengan mekanisme reproduksi sosial serta inequality loop pada fase akses perguruan tinggi yang eksklusif. Indeks kesehatan hanya memberi indikasi awal pengaruh positif pada model utama, namun belum stabil antar estimator. Pengangguran dan ketimpangan masa lalu tidak signifikan. Kebaruan penelitian terletak pada pengujian terpisah komponen IPM dengan proksi ketimpangan kelompok bawah pada panel dinamis skala aglomerasi. Keterbatasan utama meliputi sampel wilayah sempit, kapasitas penjelasan model rendah, dan instrumen lemah untuk lag ketimpangan, sehingga temuan bersifat kontekstual dan eksploratif. Implikasi kebijakan mengutamakan afirmasi akses pendidikan tinggi bagi kelompok 40 persen terbawah, sementara rekomendasi kesehatan disertai verifikasi lanjutan.

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